Effects of self-administered binaural beats on meditative and introspective states

Abstract

Emerging evidence suggests select binaural beat (BB) frequencies may enhance regulatory mood states, yet questions remain regarding their efficacy in naturalistic, self-administered settings. This study systematically assessed whether brief (five-minute) self-administered BB exposures modulate regulatory mood states across two studies. In Study 1, 101 participants received 3, 6, 9, or 12 Hz BBs via a 250 Hz carrier. Only theta (6 Hz) BBs significantly enhanced calmness and focus ratings (Hedge’s g’s>.84; p.72; p’s.74; p’s