Turbulent Dynamics of Buoyant Melt Plumes Adjacent Near-Vertical Glacier Ice

Abstract

At marine-terminating glaciers, both buoyant plumes and local currents energize turbulent exchanges that control ice melt. Because of challenges in making centimeter-scale measurements at glaciers, these dynamics at near-vertical ice-ocean boundaries are poorly constrained. Here we present the first observations from instruments robotically bolted to an underwater ice face, and use these to elucidate the interplay between buoyancy and externally forced currents in meltwater plumes. Our observations captured two limiting cases of the flow. When external currents are weak, meltwater buoyancy energizes the turbulence and dominates the near-boundary stress. When external currents strengthen, the plume diffuses far from the boundary and the associated turbulence decreases. As a result, even relatively weak buoyant melt plumes are as effective as moderate shear flows in delivering heat to the ice. These are the first in-situ observations to demonstrate how buoyant melt plumes energize near-boundary turbulence, and why their dynamics are critical in predicting ice melt.