A molten globule ensemble primes Arf1–GDP for the nucleotide switch

Abstract

The adenosine di-phosphate (ADP) ribosylation factor (Arf) small guanosine tri-phosphate (GTP)ases function as molecular switches to activate signaling cascades that control membrane organization in eukaryotic cells. In Arf1, the GDP/GTP switch does not occur spontaneously but requires guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and membranes. Exchange involves massive conformational changes, including disruption of the core β-sheet. The mechanisms by which this energetically costly switch occurs remain to be elucidated. To probe the switch mechanism, we coupled pressure perturbation with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier Transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), fluorescence, and computation. Pressure induced the formation of a classical molten globule (MG) ensemble. Pressure also favored the GDP to GTP transition, providing strong support for the notion that the MG ensemble plays a functional role in the nucleotide switch. We propose that the MG ensemble allows for switching without the requirement for complete unfolding and may be recognized by GEFs. An MG-based switching mechanism could constitute a pervasive feature in Arfs and Arf-like GTPases, and more generally, the evolutionarily related (Ras-like small GTPases) Rags and Gα GTPases.