Motivation and Cognitive Abilities as Mediators Between Polygenic Scores and Psychopathology in Children

Abstract

Objective: Fundamental questions in biological psychiatry concern the mechanisms that mediate between genetic liability and psychiatric symptoms. Genetic liability for many common psychiatric disorders often confers transdiagnostic risk to develop a wide variety of psychopathological symptoms through yet unknown pathways. This study examined the psychological and cognitive pathways that might mediate the relationship between genetic liability (indexed by polygenic scores; PS) and broad psychopathology (indexed by p factor and its underlying dimensions). Method: First, which of the common psychiatric PSs (major depressive disorder [MDD], attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], anxiety, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, autism) that were associated with p factor were identified. Then focused was shifted to 3 pathways: punishment sensitivity (reflected by behavioral inhibition system), reward sensitivity (reflected by behavioral activation system), and cognitive abilities (reflected by g factor based on 10 neurocognitive tasks). We applied structural equation modeling on the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study dataset (n = 4,814; 2,263 girls; 9-10 years old). Results: MDD and ADHD PSs were associated with p factor. The association between MDD PS and psychopathology was partially mediated by punishment sensitivity and cognitive abilities (proportion mediated = 22.35%). Conversely, the influence of ADHD PS on psychopathology was partially mediated by reward sensitivity and cognitive abilities (proportion mediated = 30.04%). The mediating role of punishment sensitivity was specific to emotional/internalizing. The mediating role of both reward sensitivity and cognitive abilities was specific to behavioral/externalizing and neurodevelopmental dimensions of psychopathology. Conclusion: This study provides a better understanding of how genetic risks for MDD and ADHD confer risks for psychopathology and suggests potential prevention/intervention targets for children at risk.