Low levels of soluble neuropilin-1 were associated with depression in adults with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes

Abstract

Aims: To explore the association between soluble neuropilin-1 (sNRP-1) and depression in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (T2D). Materials and Methods: Multicentre, cross-sectional study including adults with serologically confirmed newly diagnosed T2D. Included variables: sex, sNPR-1 (low sNRP-1 was defined as <226 ng/mL), psychometrically assessed depression and anxiety, antidepressants, BMI, haemoglobin A1c, C-peptide and pre-existing cardiovascular disease. Multiple regression analyses were performed with depression and low sNRP-1 as dependent variables. Results: The study comprised 837 participants (18–94 years, younger patients <60 years 38%). Depressed patients (n = 119) compared to non-depressed (n = 718) had a higher prevalence of anxiety (64% vs. 14%), antidepressants (36% vs. 14%), low sNRP-1 (45% vs. 22%) (all p < 0.001); physical inactivity (42% vs. 29%, p = 0.006); smoking (20% vs. 12%, p = 0.018); and higher BMI (p = 0.002). Independently associated with depression (n = 736) were anxiety (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 11.7, p < 0.001), low sNRP-1 (AOR 3.3, p < 0.001), BMI (per kg/m2) (AOR 1.1, p = 0.016) and physical inactivity (AOR 1.8, p = 0.018). In younger patients (n = 288), independently associated with low sNRP-1 were depression (AOR 3.3, p < 0.001), myocardial infarction (AOR 3.8, p = 0.039) and younger age (per year) (AOR 0.97, p = 0.043). In older patients (n = 521), independently associated with low sNRP-1 were depression (AOR 3.1, p < 0.001), and younger age (0.97, p = 0.030). Conclusions: Low sNRP-1 (<226 ng/mL) was associated with depression in all patients with newly diagnosed T2D. In younger patients (<60 years), depression, pre-existing myocardial infarction and younger age were associated with low sNRP-1. In older patients, only depression and younger age were associated with low sNRP-1.