Relationship Between Glucose/Lipid Metabolism and Placental Biomarkers in Gestational Diabetes and Preeclampsia

Abstract

Objective: To investigate the significance and relationship of glucose and lipid metabolism, placental resistin, and human lipid carrier protein (LCN—2) expression in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) complicated by severe preeclampsia (SPE). Methods: A total of 89 patients with GDM and SPE (G+S group) and 89 patients with GDM alone (GDM group) were included. Blood samples were collected to measure glucose and lipid metabolism indicators [fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin (FINS), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), HDL-C, and LDL-C], and immunohistochemistry was used to assess placental resistin and LCN—2 levels. Delivery conditions and adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes were compared. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to explore the relationship between placental resistin, LCN—2, and glucose and lipid metabolism indicators. Results: FBG, FINS, HbA1c, TC, and TG levels were higher, and HDL-C was lower in the G+S group compared to the GDM group (P<0.05). The positive expression rates of resistin and LCN—2 in placental tissue were also higher in the G+S group (P<0.05). The G +S group had lower gestational weeks, neonatal birth weight, and higher postpartum hemorrhage than the GDM group (P<0.05). The G+S group showed higher rates of adverse maternal outcomes (postpartum hemorrhage, intrauterine infection) and neonatal outcomes (preterm birth, fetal distress) (P<0.05). Pearson analysis showed that placental resistin and LCN—2 expression were positively correlated with FBG, FINS, TC, and TG, and negatively correlated with HDL-C (P<0.05). Conclusion: Pregnant women with GDM and SPE have higher risks of glucose and lipid metabolism disorders, placental resistin and LCN—2 expression, and adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes compared to GDM patients. Resistin and LCN—2 may influence glucose and lipid metabolism, affecting pregnancy outcomes.