Viking expansion northwards: Mediaeval sources

Abstract

Evidence for Scandinavian activities in the northwestern part of the Barents Sea is scanty; according to the Annals, Svalbard(i) was discovered in 1194, but the entry refers to Jan Mayen rather than present-day Svalbard/Spitsberbgen. By contrast, the southern fringe of the Barents Sea was more than once crossed by Vikings on their way to Bjarmaland (Russia) in the White Sea area. As early as the end of the 9th century, an Old English source tells of a Norse expedition to that area and Old Norse sources indicate the existence of trade links back to the 10th century, possibly even earlier. The commodities traded and levied were tusks, precious furs and skins. The trade, also with the nearby Sami, was controlled by Norse chieftains living on the coast south of Tromso, who competed for power with the kings of Norway. Both kings and chieftains were involved in the Bjarmaland expeditions, as can be seen from historical sources and from fiction. A final expedition took place in 1222. -from Authors