Formation of plant tracheary elements in vitro – A review

Abstract

This review summarises two key aspects of in vitro plant tracheary element (TE) culture systems: establishment of in vitro TE systems and methods for analysing TEs, based on examples of in vitro TE systems in angiosperms and gymnosperms. A comparison between different TE systems suitable for various species and recent research studies are also presented along with a presentation of the issues and future challenges underlying in vitro TE systems.