Role of interleukin-35 in viral infections: Promising immunological branch

Abstract

Interleukin-35 (IL-35) is a new member of the IL-12 family, which is an immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory cytokine secreted mainly by T regulatory (Treg) cells. Through immune-regulatory cell populations and immunosuppressive cytokines, the equilibrium between inflammatory and anti-inflammatory immune responses is kept in check. By effectively reducing T cell growth, IL-35 can reduce inflammatory reactions. A rising number of research over the past ten years have suggested that IL-35 is crucial for regulating immune-related illnesses, such as autoimmune diseases and infectious diseases. Viral infections are causing serious problems in human population worldwide. Millions of different viruses may exist, but researchers have only identified about 5000 types to date. There is evidence suggested that IL-35 can be implicated in the progression of some viral infections through influencing the immune and pathological process. It suggests that IL-35 played an important role in the pathogenesis of certain viruses, and can be used as a potential target for the future treatment. Anyway, little is known about the role of IL-35 during viral infection. In this study, we summarize the current knowledge about the general properties, functions, receptors, and signaling pathways of IL-35, also we discussed the potential effects of IL-35 regarding viral infections. As well as discussing the immunological therapeutic approach.