A cross-sectional study on determinant factors of Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) among pregnant women in disaster-prone areas: A case study at Talise Community Health Center, Palu City

Abstract

Introduction: Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) in pregnant women is a major nutritional issue, especially in disaster-prone areas where food security and healthcare access are limited. In Palu City, Central Sulawesi, the prevalence of CED remains high, contributing to poor maternal and fetal outcomes. Aim: This study aimed to examine the determinants of CED among pregnant women in the working area of Talise Community Health Center, a disaster-affected region in Palu. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from August to November 2024 with 258 pregnant women selected through accidental sampling. Data were collected using questionnaires, 2x24-hour dietary recalls, and MUAC measurements. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test with a 95% confidence interval. Results: CED prevalence was 28.1%. Significant associations were found between CED and maternal age (p = 0,046), short interpregnancy interval (p = 0,005), low education (p = 0,005), poor family support (p<0,001), limited healthcare access (p = 0,014), unhealthy lifestyle practices (p = 0,004), and poor maternal knowledge (p<0,001). Macronutrient intake (energy, protein, fat, and carbohydrate) and vitamin A adequacy were also significantly associated with CED (p<0,001). However, folic acid and calcium intake showed no significant relationship. In addition, unhealthy eating habits, food insecurity, and low household income were strongly linked to CED (p<0,001). Conclusion: CED among pregnant women in disaster-prone areas is influenced by various sociodemographic, behavioral, and nutritional factors. Improving education, dietary intake, family and health service support are essential strategies to address CED in vulnerable populations.