Comparison of dietary and supplemental calcium - a systematic review

Abstract

Calcium is an essential mineral crucial for several physiological processes. The public has generally perceived its supplementation as beneficial or, at the least, neutral. Additional supplementation has been gaining popularity in recent years, often without professional consultation. This is despite the fact that dietary calcium is mostly sufficient in healthy individuals to meet daily requirements. This review examines studies found on PubMed to contrast dietary calcium intake with supplemental calcium with regard to two specific issues – cardiovascular risk and kidney stone risk.  Research suggests that while dietary calcium protects against cardiovascular disease and nephrolithiasis, supplemental calcium may increase the risk of myocardial infarction and arterial calcification in specific populations.  Therefore, healthcare providers ought to prioritize dietary calcium sources and implement an individualized approach for patients who require such supplementation, such as those at risk of osteoporosis or CVD. The timing and dosage of calcium supplements also require careful consideration. Further research is needed to examine the mechanisms behind these risks and specify clinical guidelines for safe and effective calcium intake.