Recent Perspectives on the Role of Anthocyanins in Blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) Against Cardiovascular Diseases and Their Complications: An Updated Review

Abstract

Blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) are renowned for their high content of anthocyanins which are bioactive molecules possessing potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Improved dietary intervention is desperately needed as the primary cause of death globally for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The health benefits of blueberry anthocyanins and their mechanism of action in preventing CVDs have been critically reviewed. Key findings indicate that blueberry anthocyanins develop endothelial function by enhancing nitric oxide bioavailability, altering inflammatory pathways, and decreasing oxidative stress. Clinical trial data support their ability to diminish blood pressure, improve lipid profiles, and sluggish the progression of atherosclerosis. Mechanistic insights indicate that anthocyanins are cardioprotective agents that refine arterial health, inducing vasodilation and constraining platelet aggregation. The review also touches on the bioavailability and metabolism of anthocyanins, the factors influencing their efficacy and their potential inclusion in heart-healthy diets. Notwithstanding the promising results hurdles must be crossed to ensure optimum anthocyanin bioavailability and consistent dietary recommendations. Future studies should focus on explaining the molecular mechanisms of the health benefits of blueberry anthocyanins and long-term cardiovascular outcomes.