Fate of Subsurface Migration of Crude Oil Spill: A Review

Abstract

The sensitivity of crude oil operational areas and the devastating effect of crude oil spillage on the lithosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere is established fact. The impacts of these spills on the ecosystem leave indelible imprints. While literature abounds on studies involving the collection of baseline data and the prediction of effects using expert judgments, experiments, interviews and models, mitigation and control measures to minimize the impact has recorded limited success over the years.