Is it time to reconsider chronic electromagnetic field exposure as a possible risk factor in oral cancer?

Abstract

Introduction: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a major global health burden, traditionally associated with tobacco, alcohol, and betel quid. In recent years, however, cases have emerged among individuals without these classic risk factors. Chronic exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) from mobile phones and wireless devices has been classified as possibly carcinogenic, yet its potential role in oral carcinogenesis has not been systematically studied. Technical Note: This article highlights the biological plausibility that prolonged, localized EMF exposure may contribute to DNA damage, oxidative stress, and epigenetic modifications in oral epithelial tissues. Evidence from pilot cytogenetic studies, in vitro models, and limited epidemiological data observed increased micronucleus frequency and altered cellular stress responses in buccal mucosal cells of long-term mobile phone users. While direct causal data in OSCC remain absent, these findings suggest that EMFs could act alone or in synergy with established carcinogens. Discussion: The technical note underscores the urgent need for in vitro, in vivo, and epidemiological studies to evaluate whether chronic EMF exposure contributes to oral carcinogenesis. Recognizing this hypothesis is not alarmist but rather a call for rigorous and unbiased investigation. If validated, such evidence could inform preventive guidelines and public health policy for emerging exposures.