Gender-Affirming Mastectomy: Psychosocial and Surgical Outcomes in Transgender Adults

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Limited literature exists examining the effects of gender-affirming mastectomy on transmasculine and nonbinary patients that is prospective and uses validated survey instruments. STUDY DESIGN: The psychosocial functioning of transmasculine and nonbinary patients was compared between patients who underwent gender-affirming mastectomy and those who had not yet undergone surgery. Participants were enrolled in a single-site, combined study of surgical and psychosocial outcomes, including a cross-sectional cohort of preoperative and postoperative patients, as well as separate prospective cohort. Participants completed the BREAST-Q psychosocial and sexual well-being modules, the BODY-Q satisfaction with chest and nipples modules, the Body Image Quality of Life Inventory, the Transgender Congruence Scale, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 scale before and after surgery. We also examined how patient demographic factors correlated with postoperative surgical and psychosocial outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 111 transmasculine and nonbinary patients 18 to 63 years of age (mean ± SD 26.5±8) underwent mastectomy and were included in the study. All were included in the cross-sectional cohort, and 20 were enrolled in the prospective cohort. More than one-third (34.2%) of patients were nonbinary. After surgery, psychosocial and sexual well-being, satisfaction, body image–related quality of life, and gender congruence were increased (p < 0.001) in both cohorts, and depression (p < 0.009 cross-sectional), and anxiety (p < 0.001 cross-sectional) were decreased. The most common adverse event was hypertrophic scarring, which occurred in 41 (36.9%) participants. CONCLUSIONS: In this study of transmasculine and nonbinary adults, gender-affirming mastectomy was followed by substantial improvements in psychosocial functioning.