A comprehensive review study on pneumococcal pneumonia and its association with global mortality and morbidity

Abstract

There are lots of microorganisms which can cause a several types of pneumonia. Pneumococcus pneumoniae is the most common bacterial cause of community acquired pneumonia in all ages; hence it is also called CAP. Pneumonia is an infection of the alveoli which lead to impairment in gas exchange. CAP is a worldwide serious health problem with high morbidity and mortality in all age groups. There are a lot of predisposing factors that is leading to the pneumococcal pneumonia which can affect several people such as aging adult or people how have certain chronic condition. The severity of symptoms of pneumococcal pneumonia is determined mainly by the immune system status of the patient. Pneumococci begin its infection by colonizing nasopharyngeal area, with the help of many proteins and enzymes. To cause pneumonia, pneumococci need to escape from defenses in the mucus. Extremes of ages are one of the main predisposing factors” either very young or very old “Any immunodeficiency may increase the chance of getting pneumonia, by allowing pneumococci to enter or by the improper response from the immune system. The treatment of Pneumococcal pneumonia can be difficult for health providers, because of the similarities between bacterial and viral pneumonia in the clinical symptoms .Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine is one of the main vaccines against Pneumococcal pneumonia which provide a high advantage for the community, like providing herd immunity. It’s also well tolerated in adults and young infants. The management of the pneumococcal pneumonia is step by step, so when the diagnosis is established the next step is to decide whether the patient has a need of outpatient care, hospitalization, or admission to the ICU.