Self-reported snoring is associated with chronic kidney disease independent of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and elderly Chinese

Abstract

Aims/Introduction: To investigate the correlation between snoring and chronic kidney disease (CKD), and explore whether metabolic syndrome (MetS) plays an important role in this relationship among middle-aged and elderly Chinese. Materials and Methods: The participants included in the present study were categorized into three subgroups based on self-reported snoring frequency (regularly [≥3 times per week], occasionally [between ‘regularly’ and ‘never’] or never [<1 time per month]). An estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 was considered as CKD. We diagnosed MetS based on the 2004 Chinese Diabetes Society criteria. We explored the relationship between snoring and CKD by using multiple logistic regressions. Results: The frequency of MetS, MetS components and CKD was dramatically higher in regular snorers than in non-snorers and occasional snorers. The odds ratios for MetS and all the MetS elements, except for hyperglycemia, increased progressively with the snoring frequency (P < 0.001). Upon additional adjustment for other MetS components, snoring was not significantly related with hypertension; however, the associations between snoring frequency and overweight/obesity and dyslipidemia became attenuated, but still remained statistically significant (P < 0.01). Interestingly, odds ratios for CKD also increasingly augmented with snoring frequency (P < 0.001). Upon further adjustment for individual MetS components or MetS, regular snoring also resulted in a significantly increased odds ratio for CKD (odds ratio 1.72; P = 0.034) relative to non-snoring. Conclusions: Self-reported snoring is closely associated with CKD independent of MetS among middle-aged and elderly Chinese.