Estrogen Hormonal Therapy, Clinical Picture, and Course of Schizophrenia and Postpartum Disorders: Review of the Current State of Evidence

Abstract

Aim: The aim of the paper is to evaluate the hormonal influence on mental disorders, especially schizophrenia and postpartum disorders. Materials and Methods: The paper consists of a literature review using the databases PubMed, Cochrane Library, clinicaltrials.gov, EMBASE, WHO ICTRP, and research4Life.org, covering the period 2000–2024. To increase the relevance of the results, only original articles based on clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses were selected. A cohort study was also included. Particular attention was given to the role of estrogen/estradiol in schizophrenia, postpartum, and menopausal disorders. Results: Estrogens, particularly estradiol, show neuroprotective, neuromodulatory, and anti-inflammatory effects, trigger gene expression, and influence dopaminergic neurotransmission. Conclusion: Estrogen, as well as progesterone and allopregnanolone, have significant potential in the treatment of schizophrenia and postpartum disorders. This may contribute to a more favourable prognosis and may represent a novel therapeutic option for depressive con ditions. Estrogen therapy may also be associated with reduced antipsychotic dosage and fewer side effects. Future research should focus on estrogen and other sex hormones as adjunctive treatments, considering dosage, safety, and treatment duration to optimize therapeutic outcomes and minimize adverse effects.