Evolutionary Patterns of Modularity in the Linkage Systems of the Skull in Wrasses and Parrotfish

Abstract

Synopsis The concept of modularity is fundamental to understanding the evolvability of morphological structures and is considered a central framework for the exploration of functionally and developmentally related subsets of anatomical traits. In this study, we explored evolutionary patterns of modularity and integration in the 4-bar linkage biomechanical system of the skull in the fish family Labridae (wrasses and parrotfish). We measured evolutionary modularity and rates of shape diversification of the skull partitions of three biomechanical 4-bar linkage systems using 205 species of wrasses (family: Labridae) and a three-dimensional geometric morphometrics data set of 200 coordinates. We found support for a two-module hypothesis on the family level that identifies the bones associated with the three linkages as being a module independent from a module formed by the remainder of the skull (neurocranium, nasals, premaxilla, and pharyngeal jaws). We tested the patterns of skull modularity for four tribes in wrasses: hypsigenyines, julidines, cheilines, and scarines. The hypsigenyine and julidine groups showed the same two-module hypothesis for Labridae, whereas cheilines supported a four-module hypothesis with the three linkages as independent modules relative to the remainder of the skull. Scarines showed increased modularization of skull ele- ments, where each bone is its own module. Diversification rates of modules show that linkage modules have evolved at a faster net rate of shape change than the remainder of the skull, with cheilines and scarines exhibiting the highest rate of evolutionary shape change. We developed a metric of linkage planarity and found the oral jaw linkage system to exhibit high planarity, while the rest position of the hyoid linkage system exhibited increased three dimensionality. This study shows a strong link between phenotypic evolution and biomechanical systems, with modularity influencing rates of shape change in the evolution of the wrasse skull.