Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of textile production effluents, before and after Bacillus subitilis bioremediation, in Astyanax lacustris (Pisces, Characidae)

Abstract

Textile effluents may be highly toxic and mutagenic. Monitoring studies are important for sustaining the aquatic ecosystems contaminated by these materials, which can cause damage to organisms and loss of biodiversity. We have evaluated the cyto- and genotoxicity of textile effluents on erythrocytes of Astyanax lacustris, before and after bioremediation by Bacillus subitilis treatment. We tested 60 fish (five treatment conditions, four fish per condition, in triplicate). Fish were exposed to contaminants for 7 days. The assays used were biomarker analysis, the micronucleus (MN) test, analysis of cellular morphological changes (CMC), and the comet assay. All concentrations of effluent tested, and the bioremediated effluent, showed damage significantly different from the controls. We conclude that water pollution assessment can be accomplished with these biomarkers. Biodegradation of the textile effluent was only partial, indicating the need for more thorough bioremediation to effect complete neutralization of toxicity.