Utilizing Pistachio Shell Biochar to Replace Carbon Black in Natural Rubber Composites

Abstract

Biochar is a promising source of renewable carbon that potentially can serve the same purpose as carbon black (sourced from fossil fuels) to reinforce rubber composites. Pistachio shells are a prolific agricultural waste product that is a suitable feedstock for biochar. Unlike many other agricultural residues, pistachio shells are a feedstock that yields biochar with a high concentration of carbon (>80%) and low concentration of ash (<5%), which is necessary to replace carbon black without detrimental effects to the final composite. Filler blends of pistachio shell biochar and carbon black were explored to see how much carbon black could be replaced before composite properties were affected. Pistachio shell biochar was able to replace up to 40% of the carbon black while improving the tensile strength, elongation, and toughness of the rubber composites, but a reduction in modulus was observed. Based on the results obtained, pistachio shell biochar would be suitable for partially replacing carbon black in applications like hoses, seals, belts, and gloves, thereby enabling a new application for this sustainable, agricultural waste product that will help reduce dependence on fossil fuels.