Nutrition During Critical Care: An Audit on Actual Energy and Protein Intakes

Abstract

Introduction: Oral nutrition is delivered frequently in intensive care units (ICUs) but rarely studied. The primary objective of this study was to quantify nutrition intakes in patients exclusively orally fed (OF) and in those receiving medical nutrition solutions or both. Methods: Adults who stayed in a mixed ICU for ≥3 days were studied. Nutrition deficits were calculated as the difference between estimated energy or protein targets (determined by weight-based formulas) and actual intakes (recorded on a daily basis by nurses). Total volumes of enteral or parenteral nutrition solutions, propofol, and glucose infused over 24 hours were collected and energy and protein amounts were calculated. In OF patients, food intake at each meal (breakfast, lunch, and dinner) was estimated using the “one-quarter portion” method. Results: Among the 289 included patients aged 67 (57–75.5) years, 253 were fed and received, on average, 14.3 (7.8–19) kcal/kg/d and 0.53 (0.27–0.8) g/kg/d protein. In OF patients (n = 126), intakes were 9.7 (5.8–19) kcal/kg/d and 0.35 (0.17–0.57) g/kg/d protein. In the subset of OF patients with ICU stay ≥ 7 days (n = 37), respectively, 51% and 94% never received ≥80% of their energy and protein targets. Conclusion: Nutrition intakes were lower by oral feeding compared with other exclusive or combined medical nutrition. Compared with the prescribed amounts, the deficit was larger for proteins than for energy.