Marine Protected Area management under the impacts of climate change and increased human activities in marine ecosystems: A review for Anambas Islands MPA

Abstract

The Anambas Islands is one of richest marine biodiversity area in western part of Indonesia, especially for species appeared in coral reef ecosystems. However, as in other parts of the world, climate change and increased human activities pose threats to the ecosystem's sustainability. Efforts to maintain the balance of the ecosystem in Anambas Islands have been conducted by stating the Anambas Islands and its surrounding sea as a Marine Protected Area (MPA). Here, we review the studies featuring Anambas Island MPA in ecosystem resilience of the islands. From this review, we suggest that oceanographic parameters, especially marine biogeochemistry parameters, should be further utilized to provide environmental data to be used for policy development in the MPA management. Further research and development using marine biogeochemical parameter monitoring/assessment should be taken into consideration by relevant stakeholders in order to achieve MPA's objectives.