COVID-19 Transmission and Prevention

Abstract

The epidemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the disease identified as COVID-19 infection, which emerged in December 2019 in China, was declared as a global pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. The source of the outbreak has not been clearly explained. It is estimated that the virus mutated on animals and acquired the characteristic feature of human-to-human transmission. The distribution and outcomes of the epidemic in different regions change according to many factors such as climate, hygiene, population, demographic characteristics, health facilities, and transmission characteristics. The disease is transmitted mainly through droplets and contact. Other routes of transmisision as inhalation of aerosols, are also shown. The risk of transmission of infection varies depending on the type and duration of exposure, the use of preventive measures and possible individual factors. There is currently no treatment that is fully effective on COVID-19 or its protective vaccine is not available. However, studies on treatment and vaccines are ongoing. The most important measures to prevent the spread of the virus in society are hand hygiene, social distance and quarantine. Early screening, diagnosis, isolation and treatment are necessary to prevent further spread. Preventive strategies focus on careful infection control, including patient isolation and appropriate measures to be taken during diagnosis and clinical care for an infected patient.