Beyond Isolated Optimization: A Holistic Review Across the Pre-Mid Post-Treatment Chain for Hard Carbon in Sodium-Ion Battery

Abstract

Proposes a holistic “Pre-Mid-Post” full-process engineering mode to go beyond fragmented single-point optimization of hard carbon anodes Elucidates the synergistic and contradictory interplay among graphitic domains, nanopores, and defects in determining the Na⁺ storage properties Future design necessitates cross-stage co-optimization and quantitative microstructure–performance relationships for rational HC engineering