Exploring preventable lifestyle risk factors among newcomers in Montreal, Canada: a mixed-method study

Abstract

Newcomers in Montreal, Quebec - including immigrants, international students, refugees, and asylum seekers - face lifestyle risk factors associated with chronic conditions. Gaps in the literature highlight methodological limitations in the previous studies as well as incomplete examination of physical activity, diet, smoking, alcohol use, and stress in this population. This study aims to examine these preventable lifestyle risk factors among Montreal newcomers and explore barriers and facilitators influencing them. Using a community-based participatory approach, we conducted a concurrent mixed-methods study, collecting data via surveys and focus groups. Survey data were analysed descriptively, and focus groups underwent thematic analysis. Among 149 survey and 55 focus group participants (equal gender distribution, mostly aged 18-29), engagement in physical activity varied. Barriers included weather, health issues, cultural adjustments, and lack of motivation; facilitators included social support and health concerns. Dietary habits favoured home-cooked meals, but significant fast-food consumption occurred due to time, cost, access, food quality challenges, dietary preferences, and nutritional awareness were facilitators. Smoking rates were low; many abstained from alcohol, with social influences as barriers and family support as facilitators. Stress levels were moderately high due to various pressures: coping strategies included therapy, physical activity, social support, and a positive mindset. Newcomers in Montreal display both healthy and risky lifestyle behaviours, with concerns around diet and stress. Targeted health promotion strategies addressing specific barriers and leveraging facilitators are needed to improve their health and well-being.