Ecological classification, status, and management of the Gray Wolf, Canis lupus, in Canada

Abstract

The wolf, listed as vulnerable internationally, remains in 85% of its former total Canadian range, numbering very roughly 58,500 animals. A classification by ecotype based upon prey-base parallel geographic- or biome-base is proposed for conservation planning. An annual kill by humans of 7% (1 in 14) was calculated from most recent available statistics Wolves are protected by legislation or policy from hunting and trapping in only 12 places in Canada, representing 1.2% of wolf range and approximately 1600 wolves, or 2.7% of the Canadian population. Relevant conservation questions are raised.