Risk factors and predictors among adult patients of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke: A systematic review

Abstract

Stroke is a primary contributor to preventable mortality and enduring impairment globally, highlighting the necessity of comprehending its risk factors. Permanent disability affects 15-30% of stroke survivors, and twenty percent of survivors need institutional care three months after the stroke. This life-altering event impacts not only the individual but also their family and caregivers. Objectives of the study to identify and analyze risk factors associated with ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Utilizing PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library, a comprehensive literature search was carried out on the years 2010 through 2024. All forms of experimental research, observational studies, and case series that have documented the results of the intervention programs indicated above were contained within the scope of the review.Studies examining risk factors for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke were included. 18 studies (n=23,119 participants) reported hypertension (38.7-94%) as the most important factor in increasing the risk. Diabetes mellitus (12.4-80%) and dyslipidemia (12.8-73.36%) were commonly associated with ischemic stroke. Smoking (2.0-41.14%) and alcohol intake (12-37.9%) were linked to both stroke types. Elevated blood pressure, diabetes, abnormal lipid levels, tobacco use, and alcohol consumption are significant risk factors for stroke. The analysis highlights the crucial need to tackle modifiable risk factors in order to reduce the risk of stroke. To achieve this, healthcare professionals and researchers must focus on promoting lifestyle changes, investigating lesser-known risk factors, and conducting comprehensive meta-analyses to inform evidence-based conclusions. Future research should focus on lifestyle modifications, less common risk factors, and meta-analyses.