Realtime and Spatial Data Analysis-based Monitoring System for Proboscis Monkey Habitat Health to Enhance Conservation Area Management Effectiveness

Abstract

The conservation of proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus), an endemic primate species of Borneo, faces significant threats due to habitat degradation and declining populations. This study aims to develop a real-time and spatial data analysis-based monitoring system to improve the management of conservation areas for the species’ natural habitats. Conducted in the wetland ecosystems of Curiak Island, South Kalimantan, the research integrates remote sensing, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies to monitor key environmental parameters such as vegetation health, land surface temperature (LST), and others. Indices like the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Vegetation Health Index (VHI), Vegetation Condition Index (VCI), Temperature Condition Index (TCI), and Environmental Critical Index (ECI) are utilized to assess habitat conditions. Initial results showed poor vegetation health, with an NDVI of 0.6085, high LST of 20.41°C, and considerable environmental stress, reflected by an ECI of 74. Restoration efforts, however, improved conditions, with the NDVI rising to 0.7288, LST decreasing to 20.75°C, and the ECI lowering to 53 in the restoration area, signaling recovery. Though the ECI still suggests moderate environmental stress, the trend is positive. IoT sensors provided continuous real-time data, including CO levels at 0.2 PPM, CO2 at 34,045 PPM, O2 at 20.4% Vol, temperatures ranging from 33.155°C to 33.185°C, humidity between 67.45% and 67.65%, and pH at 6.8. Data on dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids (TDS), and turbidity were also collected, providing dynamic insights into environmental conditions. The integration of community-based approaches ensures sustainable conservation efforts through local participation. This comprehensive monitoring system supports both proboscis monkey conservation and broader ecological objectives like biodiversity preservation, climate change mitigation, and ecosystem service provision, emphasizing adaptive management in conservation strategies.