Impact of polypropylene microplastics and lead on wheat germination and seedling growth

Abstract

This study examines the effects of polypropylene microplastics (PP-MPs) and lead (Pb) on wheat seed germination, seedling growth, and antioxidant responses under hydroponic conditions. We evaluated the impacts of two PP-MP sizes (6.5 μm and 13 μm) and a Pb concentration of 5 mg/L on seedling development. Results show that PP-MPs inhibited seed germination, with larger particles being more toxic. Pb alone had mild effects, but when combined with PP-MPs, particularly larger ones, it worsened seedling growth. Interestingly, Pb reduced the toxicity of smaller PP-MPs. Both pollutants induced oxidative stress, with larger PP-MPs and higher Pb concentrations intensifying damage. This highlights the complex interactions between microplastics and heavy metals in plants, underlining the need for further research into their long-term agricultural impacts.