Targeting programmed cell death in inflammatory bowel disease through natural products: New insights from molecular mechanisms to targeted therapies

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an autoimmune disorder primarily characterized by intestinal inflammation and recurrent ulcerationleading to a compromised intestinal barrier and inflammatory infiltration. This disorder's pathogenesis is mainly attributed to extensive damage or death of intestinal epithelial cellsalong with abnormal activation or impaired death regulation of immune cells and the release of various inflammatory factorswhich contribute to the inflammatory environment in the intestines. Thusmaintaining intestinal homeostasis hinges on balancing the survival and functionality of various cell types. Programmed cell death (PCD) pathwaysincluding apoptosispyroptosisautophagyferroptosisnecroptosisand neutrophil extracellular trapsare integral in the pathogenesis of IBD by mediating the death of intestinal epithelial and immune cells. Natural products derived from plantsfruitsand vegetables have shown potential in regulating PCDoffering preventive and therapeutic avenues for IBD. This article reviews the role of natural products in IBD treatment by focusing on targeting PCD pathwaysopening new avenues for clinical IBD management.