New and Improved Tissue Engineering Techniques: Production of Exogenous Material-Free Stroma by the Self-Assembly Technique

Abstract

Tissue engineering results from the use of cells and scaffolds to reproduce structural and spatial organization or function of a tissue. The Production of an ideal engineered tissue depends on its designed purpose. For clinical applications, the main concerns are biocompatibility and the generation of a tissue able to mimic most of its original biological functions. Moreover, the viability of an implanted tissue is associated with its stability to support vascular networks. This chapter summarizes the theory of the self-assembly approach for tissue engineering. Adjustments and modifications in stromal thickness and extracellular matrix composition for various self-assembled tissues are discussed. Methods developed to generate tissue closely mimicking the native morphology and structure, to incorporate capillary-like networks, and to reduce production time and costs are also reviewed. The self-assembly technique leads to the production of a stroma free of exogenous material and can be adapted to generate fastest, inexpensive, and near-to-native tissue bioengineering for medical and fundamental research applications. ASC Adipose tissue-derived stem cells EC Endothelial cells ECM Extracellular matrix HA Hyaluronic acid HMVEC Human microvascular endothelial cell HUVEC Human umbilical vein endothelial cell L-Arg L-arginine LOX Lysyl oxidase enzymes LOXL Lysyl oxidase homologues LPA Lysophosphatidic acid MMP Matrix metalloproteinases MSC Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells NG2 Neuron glial-2 PLGA Poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid SVF Adipose stromal vascular fraction TGF-β Transforming growth factor-beta TIMP Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases VEGF Vascular endothelial growth factor 2D Two-dimensional 3D Three-dimensional