Defining Environment Risk Assessment Criteria for Genetically Modified Insects to be placed on the EU Market

Abstract

Global efforts towards the development of genetically modified (GM) arthropods have progressed to a stage where some might possibly be placed on the EU market within the next decade. Risk assessment issues, therefore, need to be addressed, and adequate and comprehensive risk assessment guidelines need to be developed. This report first describes the ongoing developments in the field of GM-arthropods (transformed species, development purposes, and construction of GM-arthropods), and subsequently identifies potential adverse effects as well as methods to investigate these. Crucial arthropod characteristics and necessary baseline information are discussed, and the surrogate and modelling approach evaluated for their usefulness regarding the environmental risk assessment (ERA) of GM-arthropods. Expertise needed is presented in terms of scientific disciplines, expertise fields, research institutes and individual experts. It is concluded that the ERA of GM-arthropods should consider various issues regarding the genetic modification, the respective species and the receiving environment. Potential risks could be identified concerning gene flow and its consequences, effects on target and nontarget organisms, management practices and measures, biogeochemical processes and human health. Since potential risks depend on the method used for modification, the purpose of the GM-arthropod and the species itself, it is recommended to follow a case-by-case approach for the ERA of GM-arthropods.