Exploring microbiota-based interventions for neurological and psychological disorders: A review

Abstract

The gut microbiota (GMB), which consists of an immense variety of microbial communities in human intestines, has become a key regulator in Gut-Brain Axis (GBA) communication with significant implications on both cognitive and emotional well-being. Dysbiosis of this microbial community is also implicated in more and more neurological and mental disorders. The newer treatment approaches, including diet, prebiotics, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), can be considered because it can help remedy the imbalance in microbes and alleviate the associated symptoms. Probiotics modulate neurotransmitter synthesis, reduce neuroinflammation, and support beneficial bacteria, while FMT improves microbial composition in conditions like Parkinson’s Disease (PD). The GMB functions as an endocrine organ, producing neurotransmitters, and influencing cognition and behavior. Dysbiosis-induced inflammation exacerbates neurochemical imbalances, contributing to disease progression. Targeting the GBA through microbiota modulation offers a non-invasive, innovative therapeutic approach to reducing neuroinflammation and enhancing cognitive and emotional well-being. Emerging research underscores the mutual connection between the brain and gut, where psychological stress can alter the composition and activity of gut microbiota. Such dynamics justify the application of psychobiotics as probiotics with a specific focus on mental health, which are attracting increasing interest in anxiety and depression treatment. Also, Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) and metabolomic profiling are being adopted to associate biomarkers produced by microbiota with the prediction of serum-based outcomes of treatment. These precision-based methods have the potential of customizing interventions to be associated with unique microbiome profiles. Although the results are very encouraging, more research is required in big clinical trials to determine the safety and effectiveness of microbiota-based medications. Future clinical integration should also be considered in regulatory and ethical terms. This emphasizes the importance of gut health in supporting neurological and psychological disorders, paving the way for advanced mental and neurological care strategies.