Business models beyond subsidies – which core competencies are needed?

Abstract

As outlined in the introductory chapter, the energy transition is fuelled by two main drivers, which are reflected in the two main parts of this book. The top-down drivers are typically governments or states – or regulatory institutions within these territorial administrative entities – that are striving for a reduction in greenhouse gases or want to promote certain industries and their technologies. Examples of countries, their policies and governance structures have been presented in the previous chapter. In contrast, this chapter of the book is dedicated to the bottom-up drivers: individual businesses and start-ups that exploit niches within the new