A Combined Sodium Intercalation and Copper Extrusion Mechanism in the Thiophosphate Family: CuCrP2S6 as Anode Material in Sodium-Ion Batteries

Abstract

The layered hypothiophosphate CuCrP2S6 was identified as promising candidate for the application as anode in sodium-ion batteries exhibiting an appropriate electrochemical performance (409 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles @ 1 A g−1). The electrochemical long-term experiments suggest that the reaction mechanism changed upon repeated discharging and charging. The initial discharge and charge process was studied by X-ray diffraction evidencing that at the early discharge stages, Na+ was intercalated into the interlayer space accompanied by a simultaneous reduction of Cu+ to metallic Cu, which was extruded from the host. At later stages of discharge, a conversion of the intermediate phase to Cu0, amorphous Cr0 and P0 embedded in nanocrystalline Na2S occurred. After recharging, only reflections of nanocrystalline NaF could be identified, which is part of the generated solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer. In contrast to observation made in literature, elemental Cu seems to be oxidized during the charge process again.