Endogenous IL-32 Controls Cytokine and HIV-1 Production

Abstract

IL-32, a proinflammatory cytokine that activates the p38MAPK and NF-κB pathways, induces other cytokines, for example, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. This study investigated the role of endogenous IL-32 in HIV-1 infection by reducing IL-32 with small interfering (si)RNA in freshly infected PBMC and in the latently infected U1 macrophage cell line. When PBMC were pretreated with siRNA to IL-32 (siIL-32), IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α were reduced by 57, 51, and 36%, respectively, compared with scrambled siRNA. Cotransfection of NF-κB and AP-1 reporter constructs with siIL-32 decreased DNA binding of these transcription factors by 42 and 46%, respectively. Cytokine protein array analysis revealed that the inhibitory activity of siIL-32 primarily targeted Th1 and proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, e.g., MIP-1α/β. Unexpectedly, HIV-1 production (as measured by p24) increased 4-fold in these same PBMC when endogenous IL-32 was reduced. Because IFN-γ was lower in siIL-32-treated PBMC, we blocked IFN-γ bioactivity, which enhanced the augmentation of p24 by siIL-32. Furthermore, siIL-32 reduced the natural ligands of the HIV-1 coreceptors CCR5 (MIP-1α/β and RANTES) and CXCR4 (SDF-1). Inhibition of endogenous IL-32 in U1 macrophages also increased HIV-1. When rhIL-32γ was added to these cells, p24 levels fell by 72%; however, in the same cultures IFN-α increased 4-fold. Blockade of IFN-α/β bioactivity in IL-32γ-stimulated U1 cells revealed that IFN-α conveys the anti-HIV-1 effect of rhIL-32γ. In summary, depletion of endogenous IL-32 reduced the levels of Th1 and proinflammatory cytokines but paradoxically increased p24, proposing IL-32 as a natural inhibitor of HIV-1.