Oxidative Stress in Aquaculture: Pathogenic Mechanisms and Preventive Strategies in Farmed Aquatic Animals

Abstract

Oxidative stress (OS), defined as a disturbance in the balance between the production and elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS), has been widely recognized as a key factor in the pathogenesis of various aquatic animal diseases. With the intensification of aquaculture and increasing environmental pressure, aquatic animals are frequently subjected to stressors that trigger oxidative stress, thereby compromising their health and productivity. This review comprehensively summarizes recent advances in understanding the involvement of oxidative stress in multiple organ-related diseases in farmed aquatic animals, including hepatic/pancreatic injuries, gill lesions, muscle degeneration, skin and shell disorders, metabolic disruptions, immunosuppression, and reproductive impairments. The underlying mechanisms involve excessive ROS-induced lipid peroxidation, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the disruption of critical signaling pathways. Additionally, recent advances in nutritional antioxidants (e.g., vitamins, plant extracts), environmental regulation, and feed additives for mitigating oxidative damage are also discussed. A comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis and regulation of oxidative stress is essential for improving aquatic animal health and enhancing the sustainability of aquaculture systems.