Biosensors for Cancer Biomarkers

Abstract

The cancer is experessed as a disorder of chaos which cause an impairment of biochemical pathways in living metabolisms. In particular, mulfunctioning of the controls of cells throught the human body is mostly observed breakdown in cancer. Actually, this is not single way to form cancer such that there are many chance to initiate cancer in the body. We know that most of our cells carry their own genetic materials which give them an opportunity to multiply once more. And this condition describes why the proliferation of uncontrolled cells in countless parts of the body is extremely important. In fact, a terrible cell turnover involving death and replacement of cell, consists everlastingly in many tissues in human body.The presantation, development, and outcome of the cancer are extremely different and complex from one patient to other. Moreover the cellular and molecular levels of the cancer show the similar heterogenity and uncertainty. During cancer process cells undergo serious metabolic changes which give rise to proliferate in an excessive and untimely way. Also these changes allow to cancer cells escape surveillance by immune system (Merlo et al., 2006). Mutations originate in the DNA sequences should initiate cancer (Herceg and Hainaut, 2007). A single base change results in a changing aminoacid to be integrated into a protein synthesized. This is enough to extremely change the three dimensional structure of that protein. Besides the activity of the protein will change dramatically. A large number of bases can be converted by other DNA differentiations. This will lead to synthesis of abnormal proteins. Significantly, these alterations can be monitored by sequencing the DNA of the cell and used to detect of cancer.