Embryonic Stem Cells: from Blastocyst to in vitro Differentiation

Abstract

A stem cell is a specific kind of cell that has the unique capacity to renew itself and to give rise to specialized cell type. In terms of potentially, stem cells can be classified in three types: • Totipotent: is the ability to form all cell types, including the extra-embryonic tissues. In mammals, the fertilized egg, zygote and the first 2, 4, 8, 16 blastomeres from the early, are examples of totipotent cells. • Pluripotency: is the ability to differentiate into several cell types derived from any of the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm), but they are unable to produce extra-embryonic tissues. Cells from the inner cell mass of blastocyst are pluripotent. • Multipotent: cells can form a small number of tissues that are restricted to a particular germ layer origin: e.g. blood cells or bone cells. In according to their source, stem cells are categorized in embryonic or adult (Fig. 1): • Embryonic stem cells (ES cells) are derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst (an early stage embryo) and have a high proliferative capabilities and differ from other stem cells because they have the ability to generate derivatives of all three germ layers. Embryonic stem cells have been shown to contribute to all cell lineages, including the germ line, following microinjection studies in murine embryos which give rise to chimeras (Bradley et al., 1984; Nagy et al., 1990). In vitro, murine ES cells can be propagated indefinitely in an undifferentiated state, under specific culture conditions they can differentiated into specific cell types. • Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells of a specific tissue, including bone marrow (de Haan, 2002), skin (Watt, 2001), intestinal epithelium (Potten, 1998), liver (Theise et al., 1999), retina (Tropepe et al., 2000), central nervous system (Okano, 2002), pancreas (Ramiya et al., 2000) and skeletal muscle (Seale et al., 2001). They typically can differentiate into a relatively limited number of cell types. There is no doubt that stem cells have the potential to treat many human afflictions, including cancer, diabetes, neurodegeneration, as well as for studying basic developmental biology, and intensive screening of drug and toxic (Watt and Driskell, 2010).