Proof of the Absence of Long-Range Temporal Orders in Gibbs States

Abstract

We address the question whether time translation symmetry can be spontaneously broken in a quantum many-body system. One way of detecting such a symmetry breaking is to examine the time-dependence of a correlation function. If the large-distance behavior of the correlation function exhibits a nontrivial time-dependence in the thermodynamic limit, the system would develop a temporal long-range order, realizing a time crystal. In an earlier publication, we sketched a proof for the absence of such time dependence in the thermal equilibrium described by the Gibbs state (Watanabe and Oshikawa in Phys Rev Lett 114:251603, 2015). Here we present a complete proof and extend the argument to a more general class of stationary states than the Gibbs states.