Effect of Sonication on Microwave Inactivation Kinetics of Enterococcus faecalis in Dairy Effluent

Abstract

The aim of this study is to inactivate Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 present in dairy wastewater effluent using microwave (MW) waves and/or ultrasound waves (US). The ultrasonic bath treatment (35 kHz) had no significant effect on the reduction of the survival rate (predominant declumping effect). At 650 W of microwave treatment, the total destruction was completed at 75 s, while at 350 W a 3 log reduction was achieved. The Weibull model was fitted to the survival curves to describe the inactivation kinetics, and the effect of the combined microwave-ultrasound treatments was evaluated. The scaling parameter α that was estimated from the inactivation kinetics for the microwaves combined with the ultrasound waves in pre-treatment was found to be lower than the scaling parameters obtained in post-treatment, which were in turn lower than those estimated for microwaves or ultrasound waves alone. The use of the ultrasound waves in pre-treatment was more effective than in post-treatment; a total reduction was achieved using a combination of US (30 min) followed by MW (650 W) with α = 28.3 s, while 4.0 log was obtained by reversing all processes with α = 34.5 s. The results from the protein assays indicate that the bacterial wall was damaged and that holes were formed from which protein leakage occurred.