Urticaria

Abstract

Urticaria is a prevalent disease which is itchy, edematous, erythematous, and temporary plaques involving mucous membranes and the skin. It can be categorized as acute spontaneous urticaria, episodic chronic urticaria, chronic spontaneous urticaria, and chronic inducible urticaria. Although many reasons such as infections, respiratory allergens, drugs, foods, and psychogenic factors are blamed in the etiology, it can also be idiopathic. Clinically, red, raised, and itchy plaques are seen. Urticaria usually heals spontaneously within 2-3 hours without leaving a sequela lesion. Patients may experience angioedema, which can also affect the respiratory tract. Mucous membranes such as lips and eyelids feel pain and a burning sensation. If the airways are involved, it can be life-threatening and must be treated immediately. The mainstay of treatment for acute urticaria is to avoid triggers if detected. First-option treatment is second-generation H1 antihistamines. First-generation H1 antihistamines, corticosteroids, H2 antihistamines, and leukotriene receptor antagonists can be adjunctive therapy. Patients may be referred for additional treatments such as omalizumab or cyclosporine in chronic resistant urticaria.