Ma tauranga Ma ori in geomorphology: Existing frameworks, case studies, and recommendations for incorporating Indigenous knowledge in Earth science

Abstract

Mixed-method bicultural research in Aotearoa New Zealand, including the weaving of Indigenous and other knowledge, is emerging within many academic disciplines. However, matauranga Maori (the knowledge, culture, values, and world view of the Indigenous peoples of Aotearoa New Zealand) and Te Ao Maori (the Maori world) is poorly represented within geomorphological investigations. Here, we review international efforts to include Indigenous knowledge in geologic and geomorphic studies and provide an overview of the current state of matauranga Maori within research endeavours in Aotearoa New Zealand. We review three theoretical frameworks (i.e. methodologies) for including matauranga Maori in research projects and three models (i.e. methods) for including Maori values within research. We identify direct benefits to geomorphology and discuss how these frameworks and models can be adapted for use with Indigenous knowledge systems outside of Aotearoa New Zealand. The aim of this review is to encourage geomorphologists around the world to engage with local Indigenous peoples to develop new approaches to geomorphic research. In Aotearoa New Zealand, we hope to inspire geomorphologists to embark on research journeys in genuine partnership with Maori that promote toitu te matauranga-the enduring protection, promotion and respect of matauranga Maori.