Clinical Profile, Treatment, and Prognosis of Left Ventricular Thrombus in Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Abstract

Despite the emerging prevalence of left ventricular (LV) thrombus in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), clinical characteristics, management, and disease prognosis are poorly studied. We aim to assess the efficacy/safety profile of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) compared to warfarin by evaluating thrombus evolution, risk for stroke and systemic embolism (SSE), heart failure (HF) rehospitalization, all-cause mortality, and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), and determine the impact of thrombus evolution on adverse events. We performed a historical cohort study of patients with a primary diagnosis of DCM and LV thrombus. Relationships between anticoagulants and thrombus resolution were analyzed with the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression. Associations between longitudinal thrombus evolution and adverse event hazard were measured with joint modeling. Among 122 patients included, 58.0% were prescribed warfarin, and 42.0% DOACs. Complete thrombus resolution at 90-day-after-index and 180-day-after-index was observed in 93 and 111 patients, with no difference in cumulative resolution between DOACs and warfarin. During a median follow-up of 12.5 months, MACE, all-cause death, SSE, and HF rehospitalization occurred in 42.6%, 27.9%, 4.1%, and 13.9% of patients, comparable in warfarin and DOACs groups. Thrombus persistence was associated with a higher risk of HF rehospitalization. Thrombus progression was associated with poor prognosis, with per unit increment in square-root-transformed thrombus-area resulting in a 1.0691-fold increase in MACE risk and a 1.0546-fold increase in death risk. This study suggests that in DCM patients with LV thrombus, DOACs were comparable to warfarin in thrombus resolution and safety profile. Thrombus persistence or progression was associated with an increased risk of HF rehospitalization, MACE, and mortality.