A review of the risk factors for Autism

Abstract

Background Autism Spectrum Disorder (or Autism) is a neuro-developmental and neurological condition, with prevalence of 1 in 100 children globally. Whilst exact aetiology is unknown, there are several factors associated with an increased risk of Autism in children. This review examines the most common factors associated with Autism. Methods We conducted a scoping review of factors associated with Autism. These included genetic predisposition, parental age, gender, birth complications and multiple morbidities due to other medical conditions. Results Evidence from twin studies shows a 90% genetic predisposition towards Autism – with 102 genes strongly associated with Autism, including SCN1A and SLC6A1. There are also genetic syndromes and chromosomal disorders associated with Autism, including Fragile X syndrome and Tuberous Sclerosis complex (TSC). Several studies have demonstrated an increased risk with advanced parental age (>35 years) (e.g., fathers >50 years are 2.2 times more likely to have a child with Autism than those