Hormonal Fluctuations and Mood Disorders Across the Menstrual Cycle

Abstract

The menstrual cycle is an important feature of female reproductive physiology, and its association with psychological factors is increasingly understood. Studies have found that fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone during the menstrual cycle can affect mood, cognition, and emotion regulation. Subsequent studies have had some success in attributing hormonal changes to neurotransmitter systems and brain regions that regulate emotional function. However, these findings still leave some unanswered questions, especially why some women experience severe symptoms such as premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). This article explores the various hormonal phases of the menstrual cycle and their effects on mood through neurobiological mechanisms, including the effects of estrogen on serotonin and dopamine, and the effects of progesterone on GABA-A receptors. It then explores the role of brain structures such as the amygdala and prefrontal cortex, as well as treatment strategies such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and lifestyle interventions. This article explores the effects of hormones on mood through an integrated perspective, which helps to deepen the understanding of mental health during menstruation and demonstrates the need for supportive public health policies. Future research could explore genetic susceptibility, long-term effects of birth control, and culturally sensitive approaches to better address and normalize hormone-related mood disorders.