The Effects of an Online Neurofeedback-Assisted Mindfulness-Based Intervention (NF-MBI) on Mental Health of Nursing Students in China: A Latent Growth Curve Modelling Analysis

Abstract

Background: Chinese nursing students face mental health challenges, with mindfulness-based interventions (MBI) commonly utilized to mitigate these issues. Neurofeedback-assisted MBI (NF-MBI) might be a promising alternative. Aim: The study aims to explore the short- and long-term effectiveness of the NF-MBI and MBI in improving mental well-being among Chinese nursing students. Methods: This three-armed randomized controlled trial included 147 nursing students in Beijing, China. MBI and NF-MBI groups completed a 6-week online MBI, with NF-MBI adding electroencephalogram-based neurofeedback. Controls received general mental education. Mental health was evaluated four times at baseline and post-intervention. Latent growth curve modeling was used to evaluate intervention effects. Results: In the short term, the NF-MBI group exhibited decreased depression symptoms, anxiety symptoms, fatigue, and increased mindfulness. The MBI group showed increased mindfulness and decreased fatigue compared with the control group. In the long term, the MBI group showed increased depression symptoms, anxiety symptoms and fatigue. The NF-MBI group observed decreased mindfulness compared with the control group. Conclusions: NF-MBI and MBI can effectively improve the mental health of nursing students in China, with NF-MBI performing better in certain indicators. Tailored interventions should be implemented to enhance their mental well-being. Trial Registration: This study has been registered on the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ID: ChiCTR2400080314).