Long-term impact of myocardial inflammation on quantitative myocardial perfusion—a descriptive PET/MR myocarditis study

Abstract

Purpose: Whether myocardial inflammation causes long-term sequelae potentially affecting myocardial blood flow (MBF) is unknown. We aimed to assess the effect of myocardial inflammation on quantitative MBF parameters, as assessed by 13N-ammonia positron emission tomography myocardial perfusion imaging (PET-MPI) late after myocarditis. Methods: Fifty patients with a history of myocarditis underwent cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging at diagnosis and PET/MR imaging at follow-up at least 6 months later. Segmental MBF, myocardial flow reserve (MFR), and 13N-ammonia washout were obtained from PET, and segments with reduced 13N-ammonia retention, resembling scar, were recorded. Based on CMR, segments were classified as remote (n = 469), healed (inflammation at baseline but no late gadolinium enhancement [LGE] at follow-up, n = 118), and scarred (LGE at follow-up, n = 72). Additionally, apparently healed segments but with scar at PET were classified as PET discordant (n = 18). Results: Compared to remote segments, healed segments showed higher stress MBF (2.71 mL*min−1*g−1 [IQR 2.18–3.08] vs. 2.20 mL*min−1*g−1 [1.75–2.68], p < 0.0001), MFR (3.78 [2.83–4.79] vs. 3.36 [2.60–4.03], p < 0.0001), and washout (rest 0.24/min [0.18–0.31] and stress 0.53/min [0.40–0.67] vs. 0.22/min [0.16–0.27] and 0.46/min [0.32–0.63], p = 0.010 and p = 0.021, respectively). While PET discordant segments did not differ from healed segments regarding MBF and MFR, washout was higher by ~ 30% (p < 0.014). Finally, 10 (20%) patients were diagnosed by PET-MPI as presenting with a myocardial scar but without a corresponding LGE. Conclusion: In patients with a history of myocarditis, quantitative measurements of myocardial perfusion as obtained from PET-MPI remain altered in areas initially affected by inflammation. Graphical abstract: CMR = cardiac magnetic resonance; PET = positron emission tomography; LGE = late gadolinium enhancement [Figure not available: see fulltext.].