Mitigating Effects of 1-Palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-acetyl-rac-glycerol (PLAG) on Hematopoietic Acute Radiation Syndrome after Total-Body Ionizing Irradiation in Mice

Abstract

Acute radiation syndrome (ARS) occurs as a result of partial- or whole-body, high-dose exposure to radiation in a very short period of time. Survival is dependent on the severity of the hematopoietic sub-syndrome of ARS. In this study, we investigated the mitigating effects of a lipid molecule, 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-acetyl-rac-glycerol (PLAG), on the kinetics of hematopoietic cells, including absolute neutrophil count (ANC), red blood cells (RBCs) and platelet counts, in mice after gamma-ray total-body irradiation (TBI). Male and female BALB/c mice (11 weeks old) received a LD70/30 dose of TBI. PLAG significantly and dose-dependently attenuated radiation-induced mortality (P = 0.0041 for PLAG 50 mg/kg; P < 0.0001 for PLAG 250 mg/kg) and body weight loss (P < 0.0001 for PLAG 50 and 250 mg/kg) in mice. Single-fraction TBI sharply reduced ANC within 3 days postirradiation and maintained the neutropenic state (ANC < 500 cells/μl) by approximately 26.8 ± 0.8 days. However, administration of PLAG attenuated radiation-induced severe neutropenia (ANC < 100 cells/μl) by effectively delaying the mean day of its onset and decreasing its duration. PLAG also significantly mitigated radiation-induced thrombocytopenia (P < 0.0001 for PLAG 250 mg/kg) and anemia (P = 0.0023 for PLAG 250 mg/kg) by increasing mean platelet and RBC counts, as well as hemoglobin levels, in peripheral blood. Moreover, delayed administration of PLAG, even at 48 and 72 h after gamma-ray irradiation, significantly attenuated radiation-induced mortality in a time-dependent manner. When compared to olive oil and palmitic linoleic hydroxyl (PLH), only PLAG effectively attenuated radiation-induced mortality, indicating that it has a distinctive mechanism of action. Based on these preclinical observations, we concluded that PLAG has high potential as a radiation countermeasure for the improvement of survivability and the treatment of hematopoietic injury in gamma-ray-induced ARS.